Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (17591820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth). The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. Timeline, Biographies Don Carlos became King of Naples shortly after his arrival in Florence in 1735, by the Treaty of Turin. Marie's father Stanisaw I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture.". For legal recognition, Cosimo bought the granducal title from his feudal overlord the Holy Roman Emperor for 100,000 ducats. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. The Catholic Republic of Sicily annexed Palermo and surrounding areas, which would be claimed by the Emirate of Sicily by 1960. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. Tuscany's economic and military strength cratered from the second half of the 17th century onward, which was reflected in the quality of its army; by 1740 it only consisted of a few thousand poorly-trained men and was considered impotent to such a degree that its Habsburgs rulers allowed enemy troops to cross the duchy unopposed. Benito Mussolini was made Chief of the Congress, and he conceded much more power to the Dux of Tuscany. But on one moment, Clement VII (Another Medici) made a treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions decayed and powerless by the rule of Ferdinando II. However, the size and quality of the duchy's militia varied throughout its existence, as did its army. the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with the royal The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. He also instituted several laws censoring education and introduced anti-Jewish legislation. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. The two areas were governed by separate laws. France and Great Britain, on their last years, declared war on them. There were no bilateral treaties or agreements between the United States and The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. office in the Tuscan port of Leghorn Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. [49], Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. World Wide Diplomatic Archives [74], Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany(15621737), Imperial Banner of the HRE as state/naval flag(17491765), State flag with Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), State flag with Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860)[75], Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany(18481849), Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860)[75], Civil flag and civil ensign(18151848, 18491860), Former Italian state (15691801; 18151859). Before the Roman times, the area of today's Tuscany was called Eturia, because of the Etruscan culture. liberal political systems. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. (sometimes spelled as Feliechy), who was stationed at Leghorn (Livorno) from Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an In the early years of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Transl. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the Duke of Urbino, in 1634. [2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. [2], The Duchy appointed John F. Mansony as their first representative to the U.S. also as exequatur as Consul for the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut residing in Boston whose appointment was signed by President Monroe on November 6, 1817. Tuscany's economy is very varied, ranged from wine-making to heavy industry, passing through tourism, food industry, mining and tourism. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. Ombrosi was accredited on May 15, 1819. Only 1 was captured after 1635. clear that the Grand Duke would not recognize the United States, Izards Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. Soderini was deposed on 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de Medici entered Florence with Papal troops. Do not confund with the founder of the Medici dynasty. (Livorno) as early as 1794, thus obtaining official recognition House of Commons , The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, States and territories established in 1569, States and territories established in 1814, States and territories established in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1801, States and territories disestablished in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1860, 1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. . [22] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources. [7] Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. [32] Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. Only 1 was captured after 1635. The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. . Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. [67] From 1629 to 1630 he also sent 6,000 troops to join the Spanish in the War of the Mantuan Succession, plus a naval detachment and funds to pay for 4,000 Swiss mercenaries. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany(15621737), Imperial Banner of the HRE as state/naval flag(17491765), State flag with Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), State flag with Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860), Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany(18481849), Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860), Civil flag and civil ensign(18151848, 18491860). Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von sterreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. [25] His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the Duke of Urbino, in 1634. Former Italian state (15691801; 18151859). After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. In the 10-hour battle, punctuated by cannon fire and boarding actions, 600 pirates were killed or captured and they lost 4 of the 5 ships (3 sunk, 1 captured), while the Italians lost 60 dead. [38], Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. The Continental Congress terminated Izzard's mission on June 8, 1779, once it became clear the Duchy would not recognize the United States. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. [7], In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. last representative of Tuscany in the United States was G.B. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed by President Franklin Pierce on November 1, 1854. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. During the early years of the republic, the United States sought to promote Allies on blue, Axis on red. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. The court moved to Salzburg and lived there in exile until 1918. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). Italian nationalism exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last . Torture was also banned. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). appointed senator and diplomat Ralph Izard as In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. Tuscany was one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire that sided with the Emperor in the Thirty Years War, sending thousands of troops to support the pro-Imperial side from 1631. Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}43N 11E / 43N 11E / 43; 11, The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold, through secundogeniture. In 1608, they intercepted a Turkish convoy of 42 vessels off Rhodes, seizing 9 and netting 600 slaves and a booty of 1 million ducats, equivalent to two years of revenue for the whole grand duchy. [13] The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. These are: Tuscany also has the Capital District of Florence. sign a treaty of commerce with the Grand Duchy. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. In a war against Austria, the Tuscan army demanded an alliance with the Sardinians in April 1859. Italy on 1942. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence,[7][43] a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. This alternate history related article is a stub. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. On April 17, 1555, both the Duchy of Florence conquered Siena. [13] For legal recognition, Cosimo bought the granducal title from his feudal overlord the Holy Roman Emperor for 100,000 ducats.[14]. With the end of Spanish subsidies, in 1574 the navy shrunk to 4 galleys. It established a revolutionary commune. The militia had its origins in 1498, in the predecessor state of the Florentine Republic. At that time the Habsburgs' efforts had only managed to muster a standing army of 3,000 poorly-trained troops. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the Revolutions of 1848. On it, the Tuscan army was mayor on defeating the Genovese, and got a large swath of territory, the Masacara lands . He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. [68] The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an agreement never came to be for unknown reasons.[1]. 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